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“When the power of love overcomes the love of power the world will know peace.”
~ Jimi Hendrix
Wikiquote (Jimi Hendrix (James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) an American musician, singer and songwriter. Despite a limited mainstream exposure of four years, he is widely considered one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music and one of the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century.)
November 16th, 534
Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire):
534 - A second and final revision of the Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is published.
Wikipedia Image: The Baptism of Constantine painted by Raphael's pupils (1520–1524, fresco, Vatican City, Apostolic Palace); Mural of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 19th century, Troyan Monastery, Bulgaria; Justinian I depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna; The Greek fire was first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine-Arab Wars (from the Madrid Skylitzes, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid); Alexios I, founder of the Komnenos dynasty.
November 16th, 1272
Crusades
1272 - While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
Wikipedia Image: The Siege of Antioch, from a 15th-century miniature; After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the First Crusade, became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem; Baldwin I of Jerusalem; Medieval image of Peter the Hermit, leading knights, soldiers and women toward Jerusalem during the First Crusade; The Battle of Ager Sanguinis, 1337 miniature; Pope Innocent III excommunicating the Albigensians, Massacre against the Albigensians by the crusaders; The capture of Jerusalem marked the First Crusade's success.
November 16th, 1491
An auto-da-fé held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, Spain concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
Wikipedia Photo: Saint Dominic presiding over an auto-da-fé, an unhistorical depiction (St. Dominic never presided over an auto-da-fe) by Pedro Berruguete (around 1495)
November 16th, 1532
Conquistador:
1532 - Battle of Cajamarca; Commanded by Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistadors under Hernando de Soto capture Inca leader Atahualpa.
Wikipedia Image: Francisco Pizarro, Governor of New Castile; Map, The Conquest of Peru, 1531 - 1533; Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru Millais, John Everett
November 16th, 1776
American Revolutionary War:
1776 - Battle of Fort Washington; Hessian mercenaries capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
1776 - United Provinces (Low Countries) recognize the independence of the United States.
Wikipedia Paintings: Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Leutz; Battle of the Chesapeake, French (left) and British (right) lines; Battle of Bunker Hill, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull; The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 13, 1782, by John Singleton Copley; Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown, 1781; "The surrender at Saratoga" shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4-pounder; Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by (John Trumbull, 1797).
November 16th, 1793
French Revolution: Ninety anti-republican Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
Wikipedia Painting: The Drownings at Nantes in 1793, painting by Joseph Aubert (1882), Musée d'art et d'histoire de Cholet.
November 16th, 1805
French Revolutionary Wars / Napoleonic Wars:
1805 - Battle of Schöngrabern; Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Murat.
Wikipedia Painting: Battle of Trafalgar: The British HMS Sandwich fires to the French flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) in the battle of Trafalgar;
Napoleon in Berlin (Meynier). After defeating Prussian forces at Jena, the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806;
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole Napoleon Bonaparte leading his troops over the bridge of Arcole, by Horace Vernet;
Napoleon as King of Italy (Appiani);
Napoleon Crossing the Alps (David). In 1800 Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at Marengo;
Charge of the Russian Imperial Guard cavalry against French cuirassiers at the Battle of Friedland, 14 June 1807;
Battle of Borodino as depicted by Louis Lejeune. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars;
Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, a painting by Adolph Northen;
Wellington at Waterloo by Robert Alexander Hillingford;
Napoleon is often represented in his green colonel uniform of the Chasseur à Cheval, with a large bicorne and a hand-in-waistcoat gesture.
Admiral Sir Robert Calder's action off Cape Finisterre, 23 July 1805, by William Anderson.
November 16th, 1822
American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
Wikipedia Photo: Santa Fe, New Mexico.
November 16th, 1857
Indian Rebellion: Siege of Lucknow; twenty-four Victoria Crosses are awarded, the most in a single day.
Wikipedia Photo: Indian Rebellion of 1857, The Relief of Lucknow, by Thomas Jones Barker.
November 16th, 1863
American Civil War:
1863 - Battle of Campbell's Station; near Knoxville, Tennessee Confederate troops unsuccessfully attack Union forces.
Wikipedia Image: ● Lincoln Memorial; an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln - located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. across from the Washington Monument.
● The northern army led by George McClellan and the southern army led by Robert E. Lee met at Antietam Creek, Maryland in September, 1862. It was a bloody battle where 13,000 Confederates and 12,000 Union troops died in just one day. McClellan had hesitated to attack before the battle thus letting the southern troops regroup. Also, he had saved reserves and refused to use them at the end of the battle thinking that Lee was holding reserves for a counterattack, even though those reserves didn't exist. The Union victory stopped Lee's northward advance and was a turning point in the war.
● Battle of Antietam / Stone Bridge at Antietam Battlefield - Sharpsburg, Maryland
● First Battle Between Ironclads: CSS Virginia/Merrimac (left) vs. USS Monitor, in 1862 at the Battle of Hampton Roads.
● Although photography was still in its infancy, war correspondents produced thousands of images, bringing the harsh realities of the frontlines to those on the home front in a new and visceral way. The Atlantic.
November 16th, 1904
English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
Wikipedia Photo: Modern vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style.
November 16th, 1907
Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory join to form Oklahoma, that is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.
Wikipedia Image: Oklahoma City; NW Oklahoma landscape, credit Rod Murrow, flickr; A Storm Passing Northwest of Anadarko, by Wilson Hurley's Visions of the Land; Oklahoma Sunset, by Marvin Bredel flickr.
November 16th, 1920
Qantas Australia's national airline is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.
Wikipedia Photo: Qantas Australia's national airline.
November 16th, 1938
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is first synthesized by Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.
Wikipedia Image: Effects of LSD, A Day at Work; displaying nine drawings that were done by an artist under the influence of LSD over the course of 8-hours as an experiment.
November 16th, 1940
World War II:
1940 - In response to the Coventry Blitz, leveling of the city of Coventry, England by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffet wo days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany.
1940 - New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky places his first bomb at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.
1943 - American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
1944 - Operation Queen; the costly Allied thrust to the Rur river was launched.
1944 - Dueren, Germany is destroyed by Allied bombers.
Wikipedia Photo: Bombing of Dresden in World War II; August Schreitmüller's sculpture 'Goodness' surveys Dresden after a firestorm started by Allied bombers in 1945.
USS Bunker Hill was hit by kamikazes piloted by Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another airman on 11 May 1945. 389 personnel were killed or missing from a crew of 2,600; Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa, who flew his aircraft into the USS Bunker Hill during a Kamikaze mission on 11 May 1945; Kamikaze Missions - Lt Yoshinori Yamaguchi's Yokosuka D4Y3 (Type 33 Suisei) "Judy" in a suicide dive against USS Essex. The dive brakes are extended and the non-self-sealing port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and/or smoke 25 November 1944.
November 16th, 1940
World War II: Holocaust;
1940 - in occupied Poland, the Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.
Wikipedia Photo: World War II, The Holocaust. Sources: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum USHMM, History 1900s, Internet Masters of Education Technology IMET, Techno Friends, Veterans Today, Concern.
November 16th, 1945
Cold War:
1945 - Operation Paperclip; the United States Army secretly admits 88 German scientists and engineers to help in the development of rocket technology.
Wikipedia Photo: Lockheed C-130 Hercules; RAF Menwith Hill, a large site in the United Kingdom, part of ECHELON and the UKUSA Agreement; New Zealand nuclear test, British nuclear tests near the Malden and Christmas Islands in the mid-Pacific in 1957 and 1958; Nevada nuclear tests, Nevada Division of Environmental Protection Bureau of Federal Facilities.
November 16th, 1973
Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
Wikipedia Photo: Skylab program: launch on Saturn V; Skylab above the Earth as seen during Skylab 4 mission, credit NASA.
November 16th, 1973
United States President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.
Wikipedia Photo: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System; The pipeline passes underneath many smaller rivers and streams but employs pipeline bridges at longer crossings; The pipeline terminal in Valdez; The pipeline is on slider supports where it crosses the Denali Fault.