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“I have but one passion: to enlighten those who have been kept in the dark, in the name of humanity which has suffered so much and is entitled to happiness. My fiery protest is simply the cry of my very soul.”
~ Émile Zola
Wikiquote (Émile Zola (April 2, 1840 – September 29, 1902) was a French writer and social activist.)
January 13th, 532
Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire):
532 - Nika riots in Constantinople.
Wikipedia Image: The Baptism of Constantine painted by Raphael's pupils (1520–1524, fresco, Vatican City, Apostolic Palace); Mural of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 19th century, Troyan Monastery, Bulgaria; Justinian I depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna; The Greek fire was first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine-Arab Wars (from the Madrid Skylitzes, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid); Alexios I, founder of the Komnenos dynasty.
January 13th, 888
Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks.
Wikipedia Painting: Count Eudes (Odo, the count of Paris) Defends Paris Against the Vikings 885 by Victor Schnetz 1834. Galerie des Batailles, Versailles.
January 13th, 1328
Edward III of England marries Philippa of Hainault, daughter of the Count of Hainault.
Wikipedia Photo: Edward III of England ● Philippa of Hainault.
January 13th, 1435
Sicut Dudum, forbidding the enslavement of black natives in Canary Islands by Spanish natives, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.
Wikipedia Photo: Guanches (name given to the aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands) memorial to the natives of the canary islands. composit Canary Islands aboriginal inhabitants nationtourism.
January 13th, 1607
The Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain.
Wikipedia Painting: The naval Battle of Gibraltar took place on April, 25 1607 during the Eighty Years' War when a Dutch fleet surprised and engaged a Spanish fleet anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. During the four hours of action, most of the Spanish fleet was destroyed.
January 13th, 1793
French Revolution: Nicolas Jean Hugon de Bassville, representative of Revolutionary France, lynched by a mob in Rome.
Wikipedia Painting: The National Assembly, by Jacques-Louis David.
January 13th, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars / Napoleonic Wars:
1797 - Action of January, 13th 1797; A naval battle between a French ship of the line and two British frigates off the coast of Brittany ends with the French vessel running ashore, resulting in the death of over 900.
Wikipedia Painting: Battle of Trafalgar: The British HMS Sandwich fires to the French flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) in the battle of Trafalgar;
Napoleon in Berlin (Meynier). After defeating Prussian forces at Jena, the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806;
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole Napoleon Bonaparte leading his troops over the bridge of Arcole, by Horace Vernet;
Napoleon as King of Italy (Appiani);
Napoleon Crossing the Alps (David). In 1800 Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at Marengo;
Charge of the Russian Imperial Guard cavalry against French cuirassiers at the Battle of Friedland, 14 June 1807;
Battle of Borodino as depicted by Louis Lejeune. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars;
Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia, a painting by Adolph Northen;
Wellington at Waterloo by Robert Alexander Hillingford;
Napoleon is often represented in his green colonel uniform of the Chasseur à Cheval, with a large bicorne and a hand-in-waistcoat gesture.
Battle of the Nile (Battle of Aboukir Bay).
January 13th, 1815
War of 1812:
1815 - Battle of Fort Peter; British troops capture Fort Peter in Saint Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
Wikipedia Painting: Damage to the US Capitol after the Burning of Washington; HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax, Nova Scotia (1813); USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere; the death of Tecumseh at Moraviantown; Oliver Hazard Perry's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history: "We have met the enemy and they are ours; "Andrew Jackson leads the defence of New Orleans; The mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs troops on at the Queenston Heights.
Battle of Lake Borgne, by Thomas Lyle Hornbrook.
January 13th, 1832
United States President Andrew Jackson writes to Vice President Martin Van Buren expressing his opposition to South Carolina's defiance of federal authority in the Nullification Crisis.
Wikipedia Image: United States President Andrew Jackson v. the “monster bank”; tariff controversy: the nullification crisis (Jackson v. Calhoun) - states’ rights debates: the Webster-Hayne debate (1832).
January 13th, 1842
Anglo-Afghan wars: Massacre of Elphinstone's Army (1842 retreat from Kabul); Doctor William Brydon, an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, becomes famous for being the sole survivor of an army of 4,500 men and 12,000 camp followers when he reaches the safety of a garrison in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.
Wikipedia Image: Anglo-Afghan wars; Remnants of an Army by Elizabeth Butler depicting William Brydon who was the sole Briton to complete the catastrophic retreat from Kabul; Massacre of Elphinstone's Army (1842 retreat from Kabul), The last stand of the survivors of Her Majesty's 44th Foot at Gandamak, painted by William Barnes Wollen in 1898; Siege of Malakand, Pashtun troops in the area around Malakand South
January 13th, 1893
United States Marines land in Honolulu, Hawaii from the USS Boston to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution.
Wikipedia Hawaiian Islands, NOAA Satellite; Na Pali Coast, Kaua'i, by Diane Cook and Len Jenshel, National Geographic; Volcanic Coast, Haleakala National Park, by Paul Chesley, National Geographic; Living Earth - Pu'u 'O'o crater, by Frans Lanting; Volcano erupting on the Big Island in Hawaii in July by Alain Barbezat for National Geographic; The blue ocean line of Honolulu - an aerial view.
Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometres) from the island of Hawaiʻi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll (the northwesternmost island in Hawaii is Green Island, which is joined to the Kure Atoll).
January 13th, 1898
Émile Zola's J'accuse exposes the Dreyfus affair.
Wikipedia Image: Alfred Dreyfus; Excerpt 'Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters', New York Times; The Dreyfus Affair produced an enormous amount of postcards. This card uses the well-known anti-Semitic image of the treacherous Jew (Dreyfus) in the form of a snake (From the postcard series 'Museum of Horror' #6: 'The Traitor'); Dreyfus as a Wandering Jew; Colonel Estherhazy, The true traitor, UTexas.edu.
January 13th, 1910
First public radio broadcast takes place; a live performance of the opera Cavalleria rusticana is sent out over the airwaves from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, New York.
Wikipedia Image: Frequency modulation (A signal may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave).
January 13th, 1915
Earthquake:
1915 - Avezzano earthquake 1915; in Italy kills 29,800.
2001 - El Salvador earthquakes 2001; An earthquake hits El Salvador, killing more than 800.
Wikipedia Image: Preliminary Determination of Epicenters / Aleppo Syria; Anchorage, Alaska - March 28, 1964 Prince William Sound USA earthquake and tsunami; 8.9 Mega Earthquake Strikes Japan; Tsunami Swirls Japan's Ibaraki Prefecture March 12 2011. credit NOAA / NGDC, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, USGS, National Geographics.
January 13th, 1942
Henry Ford patents a plastic automobile, which is 30% lighter than a regular car.
Wikipedia Photo: 1941 Ford prototype car bodied entirely in plastic, designed by Lowell Overly.
January 13th, 1942
World War II:
1942 - First use of an aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter.
Wikipedia Photo: Bombing of Dresden in World War II; August Schreitmüller's sculpture 'Goodness' surveys Dresden after a firestorm started by Allied bombers in 1945.
USS Bunker Hill was hit by kamikazes piloted by Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another airman on 11 May 1945. 389 personnel were killed or missing from a crew of 2,600; Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa, who flew his aircraft into the USS Bunker Hill during a Kamikaze mission on 11 May 1945; Kamikaze Missions - Lt Yoshinori Yamaguchi's Yokosuka D4Y3 (Type 33 Suisei) "Judy" in a suicide dive against USS Essex. The dive brakes are extended and the non-self-sealing port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and/or smoke 25 November 1944.
German V1 flying-bomb and V2 Rockets - Preparations for a Salvo Launch of V-2 Rockets in the Heidelager near Blizna (Poland) (1944), credit German History in Documents and Images GHDI.
Eastern Front (World War II); Germans race towards Stalingrad. August 1942; Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by RIA Novosti archive; Soviet sniper Roza Shanina in 1944. About 400,000 Soviet women served in front-line duty units Caucasus Mountains, winter 1942/43; Finnish ski patrol: the invisible enemy of the Soviet Army with an unlimited supply of skis; Men of the German Engineers Corps cross a river which is swollen after the first autumn rains, to strengthen bridges linking the German positions on the central front in Russia. by Keystone / Getty Images. October 1942; Russian snipers fighting on the Leningrad front during a blizzard. Photo by Hulton Archive / Getty Images, 1943; German soldiers surrendering to the Russians in Stalingrad, the soldier holding the white flag of surrender is dressed in white so that there could be no doubt of his intentions, a Russian soldier is on the right of the photograph. by Keystone / Getty Images, January 1943.
January 13th, 1951
First Indochina War: Battle of Vinh Yen; begins, which will end in a major victory for France.
Wikipedia Photo: The leader of the Vietnamese delegation Ho Chi Minh (sixth from the left) poses with French president of the provisional government Georges Bidault (fourth from the left) after talks, in June 1946 in Paris, France., credit Foreign Policy (FP); First Indochina War. (1946-1954); French soldiers march to a prisoner of war camp after they surrender to the Viet Minh forces after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
January 13th, 1968
Johnny Cash performs live at Folsom State Prison.
Wikipedianbsp; Photo: Johnny Cash photographed at Folsom State Prison in Folsom, California in 1968. credit Jim Marshall.
January 13th, 1993
Space Shuttle program, STS-28 Mission: Space Shuttle Endeavour heads for space for the third time as STS-54 launches from the Kennedy Space Center.
Wikipedia Photo: Space Shuttle program; STS-28 August 8-13, 1989, Space Shuttle Columbia arrives at Launch Pad 39B after the rollout from the Vehicle Assembly Building the night before ● An electrical storm and driving rain preceded the first night launch of a shuttle mission on August 30, 1983 ● Columbia’s second mission launched on November 12, 1981. (Commanded by Joe H. Engle and piloted by Richard H. Truly, it was also the last time NASA flew a rookie crew and the external fuel tank was painted white.) credit NASA.
January 13th, 2012
Costa Concordia disaster: The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia sinks off the coast of Italy due to the captain's negligence and irresponsibility. There are 32 confirmed deaths.
Wikipedia The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia sinks off the coast of Italy due to the captain's negligence and irresponsibility. There are 32 confirmed deaths. (Photo: ANDREAS SOLARO/AFP/Getty Images)